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= = =**THESIS QUESTION: BASED ON ERIK ERIKSON'S MODEL OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HOW CAN YOUNG ADULT AND ADOLESCENT FILIPINOS OVERCOME THEIR STRUGGLES, OR SEEK BALANCE USING A CELLPHONE**=

= = =**I. INTRODUCTION**= The world has changed and it happened while we were sleeping. This is to paraphrase Malcolm Gladwell in his famous book, "The World is Flat: a brief history of the 21st century", which discussed about how opportunities for all people continually and increasingly level. By allowing more and more people to connect to one another possibilities for all peoples are endless. Two of the reasons why the world flattens are: internet and the cellphone - he called it 'steroids' to this phenomenon. Since the day that book was first released in 2005 and since that day, internet and cellphone has become more and more integrated and fused and thus, exponentially potent in changing how people lead their lives. New technology has allowed us to connect these two things together. You could use some cellphones to connect to the internet or you could get text messages or voice calls from a computer to your phone.

And The Philippines is right in the middle of it. This third world country has millions of subscribers connected. It also has the challenges that mobile communication solves. One of them is being an archipelago and it is next to impossible to connect the whole country between its islands and to the world by cables. Also, the number of overseas workers is also increasing in the ten thousands per year. In fact, Walden Bello in his book Anti-development State, says that one of three people that you know has a relative or a friend who is working outside the country. Mobile phones have stepped up to the plate where a recently demonopolized landline telephone company failed. It allowed almost all Filipinos, in the four corners of the world, the ability to connect to families and friends in the country or outside of it.

This study aims to explore the effects of cellphones in the Filipino psychology based on the model of Erik Erikson's theory of human development. In this study, we will be analyzing if cellphone usage actually helps a person overcome/strike a balance in the struggles posed by Erikson in his model. This study focuses on two of the stages of Erikson - identity vs role confusion; and intimacy vs isolation. These struggles were selected to give focus on the youth or young adults who are the heaviest of cellphone users in the country.

**A. Who is Erik Erikson**
He was a Danish-German-American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on social development of human beings. He may be most famous for coining the phrase identity crisis. Erikson was a student and teacher of arts. While teaching at a private school in [|Vienna], he became acquainted with [|Anna Freud], the daughter of [|Sigmund Freud]. Erikson underwent psychoanalysis, and the experience made him decide to become an analyst himself. He was trained in psychoanalysis at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute and also studied the [|Montessori method] of education, which focused on child development.

III. Identity and Role Confusion
Aristotle said that man is a social animal. We interact with the society we live in. With the dawn of cellphones, this society now includes a totally bigger society that includes everyone who has a mobile phone. Those people we haven't even in our lives could communicate to us if they have our 'virtual address', which is our phone number. What comes with this is a new set or even a new layer of interaction including to yourself.

In this chapter we analyze the impact of having a mobile phone to a person in the Identity vs Role Confusion Stage. Does a cellphone help to fortify identity? Does a cellphone even need electronic load or top up load, to have an effect on the user? Does a mobile phone confuse the user on their role in the society? Does it have any effect at all?

Mobile phones come in many models. The earliest ones in the early 1990s could only call and telephone operators are still working for telephone companies to connect you in a different part of the country or the world. Today, one of the latest mobile phones available is the iPhone and its manufacturer is Apple Inc. This phone is can make calls, send text messages, give the time, retrieve contact details, set your appointments, be an alarm clock, let you play a game, allow you to play music, movie, browse your pictures, read a book, and to connect to the internet is not even at the bottom of the list.
 * A. The Self and a Mobile Phone

Primarily, cellphones provide different features that would cater to different users depending on their lifestyles. Even if an iPhone can be considered as one of the most feature-loaded cellphone, not everyone prefers to get it. Some do not really want all of those and just use it to casually text or send a message. Some wants to buy a high quality camera and go for a phone that has that feature. Others really like to play music but don't want to spend so much for a phone and get another brand. While others want a phone that operates two sims at the same time. With all the software and hardware features of a cellphone, its availability on the market and most importantly, a wide price range, the cellphone that you carry could might as well represent what you want, what you do, or even what you could afford.

A mobile phone is transforming and becoming a symbol of the user. As Jan Chipchase from Nokia's research team found out in their study, of the three things that people carry around everywhere, cellphone is one of them. This very nature allows it to be identified with that person as well. To illustrate, let us think of something outside of ourselves that has now been recognized as part of our selves. In the documentary presented by Adam Curtis for the British Broadcasting Company, a woman who was advertising a new set of clothing said that you have to show the world who you are inside by dressing yourself up outside. It was also said in the documentary that before and during The Depression, people bought mostly according to their needs, but later on, people were convinced to buy according to what they want or how they want others to see themselves.

And until this day, we see that. These days, we see a trend shifting in the design process to include cellphones. Some designers of jewelry or bags and clothing lines have included both the person AND their cellphones as part of the design process. Some outfits have small holes where a headset could easily slip through and connect the phone inside a perfectly sized pocket. There are bags who have an extra slot that fits right for a mobile phone. There are even cellphones that may look like a pendant, a bracelet or pouch but is actually a phone. What we could see here is that more and more people are accepting the idea that a phone and the user are becoming inseparable. As Rich Ling have said in his book, Impact of Mobile Phones in the Society, that mobile phones are considered an extension of the 'self'. And therefore, the kind of cellphone that you have and the kind of accessories that you use emphasize not only your personal style and taste that is part of your personal character or identity.

Cellphone accesories these days are available almost everywhere in the country. Just go to the nearest mall or grocery, to your local sari-sari store or even in the palengke and you will find someone who sells cellphone covers, casings, dongles, dongles with flashing lights, stickers, pouches, etc. These phone accessories have become a different industry of its own because a lot of people are designing and redesigning their own phones to show their favorite color or have their favorite character, or even have a ringtone of their latest favorite music. Indeed, personal style is visible in the cellphone that you use. With the myriad of choices for accessories, styling ones phone has been easy, inexpensive and convenient. ** These personalization not only includes cellphone accessories but cellphone functionalities too. Cellphones are always advertised to be a: triband, quadband, with 5 mp camera, a communicator, a music phone among many others. The kind of cellphone that you have can reflect the kind of person that you are. How would it look if a person has that music phone? How would a person appear like if he has that cellphone with a 8mega pixel camera? Would a girl with an iPhone look fun to be with when you can see them playing with their phone by moving it from side to side?

Let us focus on one feature - dual sim. Back in the day when there was no dual sim phones coming out in the market, Filipinos were already using the dual sim technology. I had one of those! All you need to do is go to your nearest cellphone tech shop and buy one of those small gadgets for dual sim. You insert one part of that gadget to the slot where you put a sim card then at the end of the gadget is where you place the two sim cards. After that, it is just a matter of switching on and off your phone to switch to the other card. This technology allowed a lot of people the flexibility to use multiple sims.

But why does a person want to have multiple sims? For me as well as some of my friends, I didnt want to change my cellphone number because it was too expensive to tell every one to change your number in their phone books. I need to spend my load just to send every single person in my phone book that I will be changing my number. I would need to reply to all of them if they will be confirming the change. I need to physically type the message, I need to spend time sending the message. So there was a hindrance on switching to another network. It costs us a lot.

But even then, some of my friends or classmates use the other network - some have a strong signal of a specific network at their house, others had that number for a long time too, still others have most of their friends in that network so its relatively cheaper to maintain it because there are a lot of promotion that offer lower rates to same network communication. Since I needed to send messages to these groups of people, I maximized the different offers of Smart and Globe and instead of getting a new phone, I went for a dual sim.

Other people had or still have dual sims for other reasons. I have seen electronic load retailers using this to be able to sell two different kinds of customers - smart or globe subscribers - without having to buy or maintain another phone. As we speak, new cellphone designs like for MyPhone, Samsung and Glofish, all Asian brands that have dual sim technology.

Today, I use a MyPhone with dual sim and I use Sun Cellular to contact my family 24/7 and Globe to contact everybody else. Having a Sun Cel means to my family that I should be available everytime since Sun to Sun calls are virtually free of charge even if you are talking on the phone for the whole day. We are a closely knit family and having that kind of service on my phone projects that closeness that we have.

Jan Chipchase, a principal researcher for Nokia gives a talk in Ted.com and he showed us that in Uganda, there are some houses that don't even have house numbers but instead they have cellphone numbers written in their door jambs. What they have realized is that cellphones are actually addresses - mobile addresses. We haven't done this in the Philippines or I haven't seen anything like it in mainstream media. However, this shows a great truth in the use of a cellphone. It is a personal address wherein you are the head of the house and the janitor as well. There is no authority to get permission from if you want to talk to a stranger or a friend thru sms, voice call or even now, the internet. You can share your videos and be sent videos thru multimedia messaging or mms. Advertising materials can be sent by companies using their database of cellphoe numbers too.

Considering a cellphone as a personal address enforces the idea that one is their own person. Ultimately, they have the responsibility who to communicate with, to whom they give out their phone numbers to or even which promotions do they want to sign up for like news updates from inquirer, daily horoscopes, bible text verses.

On the other hand - on the flip side, a cellphone can also provide a virtual identity. It can give the user an ability to project themselves as a different person by carefully using words when they send a message or by changing their voice during a voice call. Without the face to face communication, anybody could pretend to be anybody. Have you ever received a message from an unknown number that goes like, "hi.. asl?" - this means, hi... what is your age, sex and location. Although, as of the present, we cannot provide a study on its effects on identity, Erikson still points out that in order for us to fortify our own identity, we could have a role model to inspire us. To follow that logic, we could also play around a personality by mimicking them in different ways such as character roles in a stage play or for this instance, an imagined person at the other side of the mobile phone conversation. .

B. Role in the Family
"sn k n?" - nasaan ka na? "d2 n me" - nandito na ako "musta n u?" - kamusta na ikaw? - kamusta ka na? "tyl" - ill text you later "sup?" - what's up? "w8 lang" - wait lang - pahintay lang "luv u" - i love you

These are just some of the common text messages sent in the airwaves. As you have noticed, we use a combination of Filipino, English or chat abbreviations to name a few. When Islacom launched the GSM technology in the Philippines it didn't instantly become a hit. Primarily because not a lot of people used cellphones for communication. One of the first advertisements showed two people texting one another only to realize at the end that they are a mute couple and cannot use the voice call feature of their phones.

Ling has said that although text messages were more tasking than making a short voice call, it became the preferred form of communication among youth because it was harder to decode, and thus, they get away from adults or parents who might be monitoring their messages. It became a form of language among the youth. "Meryll Lynch reported that for the first quarter of 2001, there were approximately 7.1 million subscribers... and 65.4 million text messages sent per day." Together with the promotions launched by Globe, Smart and Sun that allows users to send and receive unlimited text messages in a day, undoubtedly, texting is a major driving force in the cellphone industry and will be part of our culture.

With the ability to communicate to everyone in the family who has a cellphone, overseas Filipino workers or domestic migrants who moved to the city to work greatly increased the frequency of communication between themselves and their family. Domestically, because our countries center of commerce had been focused for a long time to Manila, a lot of people still migrate to the Metro and leave their families behind. As Randy David further points out, "It is rare nowadays to find a family without one of its member abroad." With the number of people leaving their homes to go to the Metro or moreso abroad, we begin to wonder, have we forsaken parenting or have we long adopted our families to it? With both parents now working to make ends meet, have we given up being "Mom" or "Dad"? Did we delegate it to the Lola? to the Tita? to the Yaya? or even to the daily noontime show on TV?

The very definition of parenting the way we Filipinos do it is being challenged. How much can be delegated by the parent to the community? to the school? to the siblings? to the household helper? How can we be present to our children and provide "the warmth and happiness that only human companionsip could bring" (David) if the parents are not even there in the first place. Although Cellular Network companies try to advertise the idea of parenting through reminders via text messages to say "Good luck!" or a well-timed call just to ask, "How is their day doing so far?" It is more of a supplement than substantial means of interacting or much so parenting. Even then, a lot of parents still subscribe to this form of parenting. Movies have been made to represent the plight of the Filipino child who had an absentee parent such as "Anak" that starred Vilma Santos as the OFW mother and Clauding Barreto as the rebellious teenager. Nevertheless, it is not uncommon for Filipinos to entrust many of the functions of a parent to the immediate family and/or the community. How long could this format work out for us? Or does this help us cope with our situation?

**C. Roles in School/Community/Philippine Society/World**
"We only come to know about the existence of the nation in concrete terms when we attend school," as Randy David says. This statement may very well go with the realization of their own existence apart from being a part of a family. Almost all schools require an ID or a name plate to be worn at any time inside the school. This is the time that they become a Christine which is different from another girl in the room named Kristine; a Reyes which is entirely different from the boy named de los Reyes. Basic education in the Philippines start out in Grade 1 and continue on for the next 10 years. Typically, when a child reaches high school or 11-12 years old, this is where identities become reinforced. Other factors come in such as: Which school did you come from? Which province did you come from? What does your parents do? What brand of cellphone/bag/computer/shoes/shirt do you carry?

But as we enter in this 'media revolution', as Clay Shirky calls it in his presentation, implies that everyone has now the ability to form or fortify identity at a much early age and in a bigger group of people we haven't even seen. This is because this revolution allows anyone not only to become recipients of information but also producers of information. "It is as if when you get a person a book, you throw in a publishing house." Similarly, when you give a kid a cellphone, you throw in a newspaper publishing house (thru texting), a television broadcasting company (thru video recording and multi-media messaging or the internet), a disc jockey station (thru mp3 player features) and a lot more if you are capable of connecting to the internet.

Never before that we had this ability to communicate with one another in this manner. Newspapers, radio and tv allowed us to do a one-to-many communication. The telephone brought us the one-to-one communication. The mobile phone allows us to a many-to-many connection.

A newspaper article published on August 2009 from the Philippine Daily Inquirer reports that even with the economic downturn, more Filipinos are buying new cellphones - but these cellphones are more of the 2G or text capable than the 3G or triband or even quadband. In a third country like this with free internet connectivity still limited in malls or coffee shops, it is no surprise that we have not migrated to internet connection as a means of communicating daily to everybody. What it also tells us is that Pinoys are still discovering the limits of what we can do with texting. But the question begs, what does this all mean to identity formation or role confusion?

"This is the revolutionary era wherein the media through the internet has native support groups as well as conversations and all other media like print, radio and tv are moving towards the internet." This maybe true for all of us but what is also true, specifically, in the Philippines is that being the so-called text-capital of the world, we are able to form groups in our own creative ways. And this was created by at least three converging points: a) Network Wars that produced the low-cost or even unlimited texting or calling within the same network; b) Cellphone features that include message forwarding and making group directories; c) and the Filipino humor and/or the tendency to share 'tsismis' or gossip that has sprung Erap jokes, about a president who has a unique way of using the English language; Inday jokes, where a household help is more articulate in English than her boss; and all sort of jokes and quotes about love, religion and many more.

So what we see here is that any person is suddenly given the tools and the opportunity to create or recreate their own identity, and sometimes a virtual identity, by being able to tell the world what is the information they have. They also allow other people to see them the way they want to by the type of message they send out. In this kind of system, a simple Pinoy is toe-to-toe with the giant companies in reaching a listener or a reader about the information they are sending out.

Mainstream media has actually picked-this up and ABS-CBN's TV Patrol World has a popular segment called Citizen Patrol. This is where anybody who has a cellphone could send a text message to a designated phone number to report about a noteworthy news. Some of these messages are actual leads to a report and the agency can send out a crew to get a report out of it. Some are actual reports by ordinary people recorded in a cellphone camera or digicam and sent to the number of the agency. This is rolled out during the Citizen Patrol segment and is broadcasted worldwide as an authentic news report. The reasons for submitting a Citizen Patrol maybe less than nationalistic but definitely can be considered as responsible citizenship or just to gain their 15 minutes of fame. But who knows?

The ability of the cellphone to showcase to a group or to the society the information that we posses allows the user to continually fortify his identity and how his society sees him. Our audience could span from our family and relatives to a set of friends. They can be social acquaintances or members of our respective barangays, clubs/organization or a virtual community. They can be another person in the country, our elected officials or even people living 10,000 miles away. More than sending, receiving and picking the types of messages one receives or reads and pays attention to also gives the user a means to validate who he is or where does he want to belong to.

A mobile devices are identified as extensions of ourselves and the way we design or use our cellphones impacts how we view and project ourselves. The ability of mobile telephony to connect our 7,107 islands with the highways of information allows us to bridge the gaps that are inherent to an archipelago and also allow us to connect to the millions of Filipinos working outside the country. This enables us to frequently communicate with them or to us and thus including them in the conversations about issues that concern us personally or us as a society. And now that internet connectivity is a present technology infused in newer models of phones, there is a lot more opportunities that a cellphone can bring or send information about ourselves and about our society. With all this processes happening, mobile telephony could really make a footprint in creating or fortifying the identity of a person.

IV. Young Adults (Intimacy vs Isolation)
Erik Erikson’s theory on //psychosocial development// is based on the premise that at each stage of development, man encounters a //conflict// to which his success of overcoming it is greatly affected by how he has concluded the conflict from the previous stage of development. As man enters //young adulthood//, the previous conflict from his //adolescent years// (//Identity vs. Confusion//) is just coming to an end. In early adulthood, he is welcomed with a new challenge: //Intimacy vs. Isolation.//

Am I loved and wanted?
At this stage, or roughly between the ages of 19 to 34 (or 20 to 40 in some references), man aims to form close, committed relationships with other people. He strives for love and compassion; for sex and intimacy; and when successful in this aim, merits committed and secure relationships to enjoy in his lifetime. Failure on the other hand, leads to isolation.

As earlier stated, the success in this stage of development is greatly affected by the success in completion of the previous stage because the skills learned in a previous stage build the following stage. Persons who have a firmer grasp of self are likely to keep secure and mature relationships, hence, lessening the chances of emotional isolation, loneliness and depression.

It is interesting to note that, man can be isolated thru intimacy. //Distantiation//, the counterpart of intimacy, is the readiness of the individual to isolate, and when necessary work against people and forces whose essence seem to endanger the individual’s own, or intrude into his intimate relations.

In the many facets of this conflict, how does a gadget which can be as minute as a lipstick aid the young adult in his confrontation with his life stage conflict?

The Need to be Connected
Cell phones and the rest of the technology that goes with it answer one specific need for its consumer: the need to stay connected. Apart from being able to make calls to landlines, other cell phone networks, and to a pc thru GSM (Global Systems for Mobile phones); cell phones are also equipped with the technology of SMS (Short Messaging System) which enables the individual to send text messages in a 60-character format. Nowadays, the messaging system is not limited to text, as pictures, voice or video clips, and almost any other imaginable type of file can be transmitted through the airwaves. Furthermore, development of cell phone nits has enabled them to function like personal computers: handling electronic mails, browsing the WWW; hence, increasing the modes of communication an individual can do with a single gadget.

It is undeniable that the ease of accessing communication with another person and the possibility of increasing the frequency of interactions lead to familiarity---a foundation for closer ties. Families, friends and love-ones are easily updated of a person’s whereabouts, plans and status of well-being. Important occasions that especially mark relationships are hardly forgotten with organizer/calendar features built-in in almost all models of cell phones. An application which can be downloaded for IPhones, a cell phone model by Apple, called the Girlfriend Keeper allows the subscriber to automatically sent text messages to his/her girlfriend depending on the subscriber’s choice of “Relationship Seriousness”. The messages automatically generated by this application may also be personalized by adding some data in its “Advanced Settings”, hence, coming up with messages such as: “Diana, Your birthday is in 136 days, maybe I will get you something green like your eyes. –Evan”.

Apart from maintaining relationships, the various usage of cell phones also spark new relationships, and may also serve as social lubricants for relationships that need some help to be realized. In the cases of new acquaintances at work or at social groups, even a simple forwarded message can inspire a stream of exchange of messages. Cell phone networks have also added match-making and dating services for their subscribers, introducing new relationshipsall possibilities of secure, committed relationships.

Families
As of December 2008, the total overseas Filipino workers increased to 1,292,899 compared to 1,070,192 as of December 2007. The growth of ofw deployment also paved way for the progress of cellphone industry in the Philippines. It became the major means of communication between families left here in the country and the loved one who went abroad. Cellphone companies launched various promos to keep workers abroad and their relatives left here in touch more often. Globe launched the new IDD Suki promo to help improve lives of overseas Pinoys by keeping them connected with their loved ones here in the country. They also have the iTxt service wherein subscribers here in the country can send text messages to mobile numbers abroad. Smart have Smart Padala International, which is the first international cash remittance service via text. It is a faster and cheaper way of remitting cash from a sender abroad to the cellphone of a beneficiary here in the Philippines. Luckily, these companies understand the importance of communications among families. They have year-round promotional offers that are targeted specifically for families of OFWs. Filipinos relied on phone calls, text messaging, e-mail and online chats to communicate with family working and living overseas. It is now possible for a daughter to have heart-to-heart talk with her mother even if she is in a far-flung location. It is easier to discuss important matters like decision making, and breaking important news. Most especially, Filipinos still prefer the traditional way to talk to their children abroad. Obviously, making overseas calls and sending messages will always be an indispensable part in the life of OFW families.

=INDEX=

Brief History of Cellphones

 * 1967 - cellular technology was available but was limited to a cell area


 * April 3, 1973 - first telephone call was made by Martin Cooper using a Motorala phone


 * 1982 - AT&T was allocted by the US Federal Communications Commission to use 824-894 Mhz band to Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS)

- phones were called analog and was considered the 1st generation cellphone - models were usually as big as a brick and were installed in a car or carried in a bag and plugged into a dc outlet in a car


 * March 6, 1983 - Motorala launched the first commercial portable cellular phone, the Motorala DynaTAC 8000X


 * July 1, 1991 - 1st Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM) Network in Finland was opened

- 2nd generation cellphone or (2G) were introduced and were able to work on work on mobile phone systems such as GSM, IS-136 (TDMA) and IS-95 (CDMA) which decreases the no. of dropped calls and increasing call quality. - phones became more portable because the batteries became smaller


 * December 1992 - First text message was sent in UK


 * March 16, 1999 - Finland gave out the world's first 3G mobile technology licenses

BRIEF HISTORY OF TELEPHONY IN THE PHILIPPINES

 * **1991** - Piltel, a subsidiary of PLDT, offers analog cellular service (AMPS) to the country which was quickly changed to digital (D-AMPS)
 * **1993** February EO 59 by President Fidel Ramos mandates interconnection between telephone networks which allowed other telephone companies to have access to PLDT's expansive network
 * July EO 109 Policy to Improve the Provision of Local Exchange Carrier Service aims to improve telephone service in rural/underserved areas.
 * **1994** - Islacom launched the first digital mobile telecommunications services using GSM world standard technology that allows texting
 * **1998** there were 11 operators of international gateways from the Philippines (table available in The Economy of the Philippines: elites, inequalities and economic restructuring)
 * PLDT
 * Globe Telecom
 * Digitel Communications
 * Eastern Telecommunications Philippines, Inc.
 * Philipine Global Communications, Inc.
 * Isla Communications
 * Smart Communications
 * Capitol Wireless
 * Philippine Telegraph and Telephone
 * First Pacific, owners of Smat Communications, bought majority shares of PLDT
 * **2000** - Globe buys Islacom
 * **2002** November - Globe launches Globequest ( Built over a network powered by equipment from Cisco Systems, Globe is now offering co-location, managed bandwidth, outsourced messaging and web-hosting and is looking to add advanced application hosting, content networking and storage area networking to its suite of IDC services.)
 * **2003** March - Sun Cellular is launched by Digitel and started 24/7 unlimited call and text
 * April - Globe launches unlimited texting
 * **2004** October - Globe launches GCash
 * **2005** National Telecommunications Commission approved 4 carriers to build 3G infrastructure by 2007 and roll out service by 2008
 * June Smart launches Smart WIFI - first broadband internet service internet using GSM cellular network - effect more Filipnos can go online as long as there is a smart signal
 * **2006** January - Smart and PLDT launches broadband internet service Smart Bro and took Smart wifi away.
 * **2007** June - Globe launches GCash money transfer from Malaysia through (M-money) to Philippines (GCash)
 * July Smart launches mobile TV
 * August Globe launches broadband Internet to its business
 * **2008** August- Sun launches broadband internet service
 * **2009** March - PLDT takes control of Meralco
 * March - Smart launches Smart Bro Share It
 * -Globe launches WiMax
 * May - Globe launches Globe duo for wireless landline feature
 * June - Smart buys remaining minority shares of Piltel

Chapter I
1. Friedman, Thomas. "The World is Flat: A brief history of the Twenty-First Century." 2007. Pan Books Ltd. 2. Ling, Rich "Mobile Connection: The Cell Phone's Impact on Society". 2004. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 3. Cabrera, Emily. "Youth and Mobile Phones." 2009. //JBEC Sesquicentennial Congress.// [|http//w3.xs.edu.ph/?p=6511]

Chapter 2
1. "Erik Erikson" Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Erikson

Chapter 3
1. David, Randy. "Nation, Self and Citizenship: An Invitation to Philippine Sociology." 2002. Anvil Publishing 2. Ling, Rich. "Mobile Connection: The Cell Phone's Impact on Society". 2004. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 3. Chipchase, Jan. "Connection and Consequences." 2007. [] 4. Curtis, Adam. "The Century of the Self." 2002. []# 5. Roman, Anthony. "Texting God, Texting Self." 2006. 5th International Conference on Media, Religion and Culture, Stockholm  [] 6. Shirky, Clay. "Institutions vs Collaboration." 2009. [] 7. Ho, Abigail. "More Pinoys buy cellphones amid hard times." 2009, August 19. Philippine Daily Inquirer 8. Ressa, Maria. "ABS-CBN launches Boto Mo, I-Patrol Mo: Ako ang Simula." 2009 May 10. []

Chapter 4
1. National Statistics Office, The Philippines. "Quickstat" 2009 May. http://www.census.gov.ph/data/quickstat/qs0905tb.pdf 2. National Statistics Office, The Philippines. "Quickstat" 2008 November. http://www.census.gov.ph/data/quickstat/qs0811tb.html 3. "Smart Padala International" http://smart.com.ph/corporate/services/SmartPadala/Padala_intl.html 4. "Globe Launches IDD for OFW Families." 2009 September 8. http://www.hardwarezone.com/news/view.php?id=14550&cid=5 5. "Products and Services for OFW Families in the Philippies - Globe ITXT FAQs" http://www.globekababayan.com.ph/Articles.aspx?aid=179

INDEX

 * 1) "History of Cell Phone and Martin Cooper,” http://inventors.about.com/cs/inventorsalphabet/a/martin_cooper.htm.
 * 2) “What is the History of Cell Phones?.” http://www.tech-faq.com/history-of-cell-phones.shtml.
 * 3) “The history of UMTS and 3G development.” http://www.umtsworld.com/umts/history.htm.
 * 4) “Battle Of The Networks.” http://www.esato.com/board/viewtopic.php?topic=86197.
 * 5) “ITU Corporate Strategy Newslog - Brief History of UK SMS and Texting.” http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/newslog/Brief+History+Of+UK+SMS+And+Texting.aspx.
 * 6) “Text Messaging" WikiPilipinas: The Hip 'n Free Philippine Encyclopedia. http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Text_Messaging.
 * 7) “Sun Cellular.” http://www.suncellular.com.ph/about.php.
 * 8) “Piltel - Piltel Corporate.” http://www.piltel.ph/about/.History of PLDT-Smart
 * 9) “PLDT - History.” http://www.pldt.com.ph/about/Pages/history.aspx.
 * 10) United Press International. “Philippines opens up to 3G networks.” http://www.physorg.com/news9436.html.
 * 11) Palatino, Mong. “Texting as a political tool - Yehey! News.” http://www.yehey.com/News/Article.aspx?id=197370.
 * 12) Villafania, Alexander. “Globe enters wireless landline fray - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos.” http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/infotech/view/20090510-204176/Globe-enters-wireless-landline-fray.
 * 13) Urman, David. “The History of Text Messaging.” http://www.articlerich.com/Article/The-History-of-Text-Messaging/544567.